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Related Concept Videos

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Mechano-Node-Pore Sensing: A Rapid, Label-Free Platform for Multi-Parameter Single-Cell Viscoelastic Measurements
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Mechanosensing at the vascular interface.

John M Tarbell1, Scott I Simon, Fitz-Roy E Curry

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031.

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
|June 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) mediates blood flow sensing and cell interactions, crucial for vascular health. Its structure, function, and role in disease warrant further investigation.

Keywords:
endotheliumglycocalyxglycoproteinproteoglycanred cellshear stresssphingosine-1 phosphatevascular diseasevascular permeabilitywhite cell

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Mammalian cells sense mechanical forces from blood flow via mechanotransduction.
  • Endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, and blood cells respond biochemically to these forces.
  • These responses regulate blood pressure, vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) in mechanotransduction and blood cell interactions.
  • To discuss the GCX's composition, ultrastructure, and function in vascular permeability.
  • To explore the association of GCX degradation with inflammation and vascular disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the glycocalyx (GCX).
  • Discussion of biochemical composition and ultrastructure of the GCX.
  • Analysis of the GCX's role in mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) interactions.

Main Results:

  • The GCX is a key player in endothelial mechanotransduction and blood cell interactions.
  • Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) influences GCX composition and endothelial junctions.
  • GCX degradation is linked to inflammation and vascular disease.

Conclusions:

  • The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) is vital for vascular homeostasis.
  • Further research is needed to understand GCX composition-organization-function relationships.
  • Targeting the GCX may offer therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases.