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Related Concept Videos

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, function as the primary transmitters of information throughout the body. Their ability to communicate through electrical and chemical signals is vital for every bodily function, from regulating the heartbeat to processing complex thoughts. Each neuron has three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon, each specialized to facilitate swift and efficient neural communication.
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Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes
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Thyroid hormone action: astrocyte-neuron communication.

Beatriz Morte1, Juan Bernal1

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|June 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) availability in the brain has two sources: circulation and local T4 conversion. Local production by type 2 deiodinase (D2) is crucial for fetal brain development.

Keywords:
T3 availabilityastrocytesfetal and postnatal brainthyroid hormonethyroid hormone transporterstype 2 deiodinase

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates gene expression via nuclear receptors.
  • T4 is a precursor to intracellular T3 in the brain, particularly through type 2 deiodinase (D2) in astrocytes.
  • Brain T3 has dual origins: systemic circulation and local conversion from T4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental evidence supporting a model of brain T3 availability.
  • To examine the role of deiodinases and transporters in modulating TH action during neural development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental data on brain T3 metabolism.
  • Analysis of factors influencing T3 availability, including deiodinases and transporters.

Main Results:

  • A validated model demonstrates T3's dual origin in the brain.
  • Fetal brain relies almost exclusively on locally generated T3.
  • Systemic T3 contribution increases during development, reaching ~50% in adults.

Conclusions:

  • Local T3 production from T4 by D2 is vital for brain development.
  • Deiodinases and transporters are key regulators of local TH action in the brain.