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A framework for understanding the relationship between externally and internally directed cognition.

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Externally directed cognition (EDC) and internally directed cognition (IDC) do not always compete. They can co-occur without interference when processing is spontaneous, but compete when both are intentional due to capacity limits.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Externally directed cognition (EDC) focuses on external stimuli, while internally directed cognition (IDC) focuses on internal thoughts and memories.
  • Previous research often emphasized the competition or trade-offs between EDC and IDC.
  • Both EDC and IDC encompass diverse cognitive states varying in intentionality (voluntary vs. involuntary processing).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel framework for understanding the relationship between EDC and IDC.
  • To examine conditions under which EDC and IDC compete or co-occur.
  • To explore the neural underpinnings of EDC and IDC interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on EDC and IDC.
  • Analysis of cognitive states based on orientation (external/internal) and intentionality (intentional/spontaneous).
  • Examination of neuroimaging findings related to EDC and IDC.

Main Results:

  • EDC and IDC are not inherently antagonistic.
  • Competition increases when both EDC and IDC involve high intentionality due to limited processing capacity.
  • EDC and IDC can co-occur with minimal interference if at least one involves spontaneous processing.
  • Neural substrates for EDC and IDC are partially segregated and partially convergent, with lateral PFC involved in intentional processing.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between EDC and IDC depends on the level of intentionality in processing.
  • Spontaneous processing allows for co-occurrence of EDC and IDC, mitigating competition.
  • Understanding these interactions provides insights into complex mental states like theory of mind, creativity, and memory-guided attention.