Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 28, 2026
Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification
Published on: July 26, 2019
Embryo catheter loading and embryo culture techniques: results of a worldwide Web-based survey
Mindy S Christianson1, Yulian Zhao, Gon Shoham
1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, mchris21@jhmi.edu.
Purpose:
To identify trends in embryo catheter loading and embryo culture techniques performed worldwide.
Methods:
A retrospective evaluation using the results of a web-based survey, (IVF Worldwide ( www.IVF-worldwide.com ), was performed.
Results:
Responses from 265 centers in 71 countries were obtained. Most centers (97 %) preferred a catheter with its orifice on top, with only 3 % preferring a catheter with the orifice on its side; 41 % preferred a catheter marked for clear ultrasound view. The most commonly-reported methods of embryo loading were medium-air-embryo-air-medium (42 %), medium in catheter with embryo at end (20 %) and medium-air-embryo (15 %). In 68 % of centers the final volume of the catheter was up to 0.3 ml, with only 19 % using 0.3-0.5 ml and 1 % using 0.5-0.7 ml. Using reduced oxygen concentrations for embryo culture was divided between those who used it in combination with the two-gas system (34 %) and those who did not use it at all (39 %); 24 % reported using a three-gas system. Most clinics using reduced oxygen concentrations used it throughout the entire culture period. Half of centers (51 %) reported using reduced oxygen concentrations for the entire IVF population while 6 % reserved it only for blastocyst transfer. The use of sequential media was highly dominant with 40 % reporting its use.
