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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
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Cellular responses to metal ions released from implants.

Thomas B Kardos1

  • 1Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Otago, Faculty of Dentistry, P.O. Box 647, Dunedin, New Zealand.

The Journal of Oral Implantology
|June 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells manage calcium ions, crucial for tissue formation and biocompatibility. Understanding cellular responses to metal ions, like those from implants, is key to predicting tissue interactions and toxicity.

Keywords:
bone formationbone growthcalciummetal ionstitanium

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Biocompatibility Research

Background:

  • Calcified tissue formation involves cells secreting a matrix and adding metal ions, which nucleate with phosphorus to form inorganic salts, typically calcium hydroxyapatite.
  • Cellular and tissue responses to metal ions, such as those released from medical implants, can be analyzed through the lens of cellular calcium ion handling.
  • Free ion concentrations and their competitive interactions are critical determinants of cellular toxicity and biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between cellular responses to metal ions and the handling of calcium ions.
  • To elucidate how cellular processes like mitotic activity, intercellular adhesion, and cell death are influenced by ion concentrations.
  • To provide a framework for assessing the biocompatibility of implant materials based on cellular ion interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cellular and tissue responses to metal ions, focusing on calcium ion dynamics.
  • Analysis of cellular parameters including mitotic activity, intercellular adhesion, and apoptosis.
  • Physicochemical assessment of free ion concentrations and competitive interactions.

Main Results:

  • A spectrum of cellular responses to intracellular calcium ions exists, from essential for cell division to inducing apoptosis (cell death) in excess.
  • Cells can adapt to varying ion concentrations by becoming postmitotic, altering their phenotype, and maintaining calcium homeostasis.
  • Implant responses are linked to released ions and their interactions with endogenous ions and molecules, mirroring cellular calcium handling.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular handling of calcium ions is a fundamental process relevant to calcified tissue formation and biocompatibility.
  • Understanding ion dynamics and cellular responses is crucial for designing safer and more effective medical implants.
  • The study highlights the importance of considering ion concentrations and interactions in predicting cellular and tissue-level outcomes.