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Related Concept Videos

The Phase Rule01:20

The Phase Rule

136
The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

105
A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

225
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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CrowdPhase: crowdsourcing the phase problem.

Julien Jorda1, Michael R Sawaya1, Todd O Yeates1

  • 1UCLA-DOE, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography
|June 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crowdsourcing via the CrowdPhase game enables human intelligence to solve complex macromolecular crystallography phasing problems. Players guide a genetic algorithm, successfully obtaining accurate phase sets for low-resolution structures.

Keywords:
CrowdPhasecrowdsourcingphase problem

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Computational Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Human intelligence surpasses computers in certain complex tasks.
  • Crowdsourcing leverages collective human intelligence for problem-solving.
  • Macromolecular crystallography phasing is challenging, especially at low resolutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a crowdsourced approach for low-resolution ab initio phasing in macromolecular crystallography.
  • To develop and test a collaborative online game, CrowdPhase, for this purpose.

Main Methods:

  • A human-powered genetic algorithm was implemented in the CrowdPhase game.
  • Players used pattern recognition to evaluate electron-density maps and select optimal solutions.
  • A user-friendly interface, training, and scoring system facilitated player engagement and skill development.

Main Results:

  • CrowdPhase successfully obtained phase sets within a 30° phase error range for synthetic low-resolution phasing puzzles.
  • Generated molecular envelopes showed agreement with low-resolution models.
  • Preliminary studies demonstrate the feasibility of crowdsourcing for crystallographic phasing.

Conclusions:

  • Crowdsourcing through CrowdPhase offers a novel approach to ab initio phasing in macromolecular crystallography.
  • This method can potentially address limitations in current techniques for low-resolution data.
  • Further development could establish crowdsourcing as a valuable tool for extracting crystallographic information.