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Related Concept Videos

Hypodermis01:02

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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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Body Temperature01:25

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Loose Connective Tissue01:26

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Loose connective tissue is found between many organs. Its main function is to absorb shock and bind tissues together. It also allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse into cells that are embedded in it or present in adjacent tissues.
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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Thermoregulation01:26

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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice
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The brain and brown fat.

Cristina Contreras1, Francisco Gonzalez, Johan Fernø

  • 1Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela, 15782 , Spain.

Annals of Medicine
|June 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), crucial for thermogenesis and body temperature, is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Recent findings highlight its function in adult humans, revealing potential obesity drug targets.

Keywords:
AMPKbrown adipose tissue (BAT)hypothalamusobesityorexinssympathetic nervous system (SNS)thermogenesisthyroid hormoneuncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)β-adrenoreceptors

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolism and Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized organ critical for thermogenesis, maintaining body temperature.
  • Historically considered important only in infants and small mammals, BAT is now recognized as functional in adult humans.
  • Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of BAT involves lipolysis and mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex central regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT).
  • To explore how neuronal cell populations coordinate to maintain energy homeostasis.
  • To highlight novel molecular and central factors regulating BAT function as potential obesity drug targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on BAT regulation.
  • Analysis of newly discovered molecules (e.g., irisin, BMP7, BMP8B) and central factors (e.g., orexins).
  • Examination of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-SNS-BAT axis.

Main Results:

  • Identification of irisin, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP7, BMP8B), and orexins as key regulators.
  • Elucidation of the canonical VMH-AMPK-SNS-BAT axis in central BAT regulation.
  • Evidence supporting BAT's role in energy homeostasis and its potential as an anti-obesity target.

Conclusions:

  • BAT plays a significant role in energy homeostasis and thermogenesis in adult humans.
  • Novel molecular and neural pathways offer promising therapeutic targets for obesity.
  • Understanding the central regulation of BAT is key to developing effective metabolic disease treatments.