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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

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Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
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Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

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Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
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Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

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Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

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A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
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Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Classifying cerebral palsy: are we nearly there?

Avanthi Mandaleson1, Yaozong Lee, Claire Kerr

  • 1*Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital ‡School of Allied and Public Health, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne †Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Carlton §Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.

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The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) is increasingly used in cerebral palsy research, with significant growth observed in the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Further adoption is recommended for consistent outcome reporting in pediatric disability studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a leading cause of childhood physical disability.
  • Current CP classifications lack reliability and predictive accuracy for musculoskeletal issues.
  • The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) offers validated, reliable classification for CP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the utilization of GMFCS in three major orthopedic and pediatric journals from 2005-2011.
  • To examine the relationship between GMFCS adoption and journal impact factor.
  • To determine if methodological quality differs between studies using GMFCS and those not.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of Medline database for "cerebral palsy" in JBJS Am, JPO, and DMCN.
  • Assessed GMFCS utilization by reviewing methods and results sections.
  • Evaluated methodological quality using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) for JPO papers.

Main Results:

  • GMFCS was utilized in 68% of 154 eligible studies.
  • Utilization varied by journal: 46% in JPO, 72% in JBJS Am, 88% in DMCN.
  • In JPO, GMFCS use increased from 13% to 80% over the study period.

Conclusions:

  • GMFCS adoption has rapidly increased in the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics.
  • Continued efforts are needed to ensure widespread GMFCS implementation in CP research.
  • Standardized classification systems like GMFCS are crucial for reliable outcome studies in pediatric disability.