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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Grouping factors can reverse classical lightness contrast effects. This study shows that the mechanisms behind these reversed contrast effects differ, with the Agostini and Galmonte effect being sensitive to global grouping, unlike other configurations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Visual Perception
    • Psychophysics
    • Cognitive Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Classical contrast effects demonstrate that a gray target appears lighter against a dark background and darker against a light background.
    • Previous studies reported 'reversed contrast' configurations where grouping factors cause a gray target surrounded by black to appear darker than one surrounded by white.
    • Three distinct reversed contrast configurations have been identified: Agostini and Galmonte, Bressan, and Gilchrist and Annan.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of three distinct reversed contrast configurations.
    • To determine if global grouping factors are essential for all reversed contrast effects.
    • To differentiate the perceptual factors influencing the Agostini and Galmonte effect versus the Bressan and Gilchrist and Annan configurations.

    Main Methods:

    • Participants (n=16) performed lightness judgments on gray targets within original and modified reversed contrast displays.
    • Manipulations included variations of the Agostini and Galmonte, Bressan, and Gilchrist and Annan configurations.
    • Analysis focused on how changes in global grouping and other factors affected perceived lightness.

    Main Results:

    • The Agostini and Galmonte effect was reversed when global grouping factors were removed.
    • Variations of the Bressan and Gilchrist and Annan displays maintained the reversed contrast direction even without global grouping.
    • Lightness changes in the Bressan and Gilchrist and Annan configurations were influenced by factors beyond simple belongingness.

    Conclusions:

    • The mechanisms driving the Agostini and Galmonte reversed contrast effect are distinct from those in the Bressan and Gilchrist and Annan configurations.
    • Global grouping is a critical factor for the Agostini and Galmonte effect, but not necessarily for other reversed contrast phenomena.
    • Perceptual lightness is influenced by complex interactions of grouping and belongingness factors, varying across different visual configurations.