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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Related Experiment Video

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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X-ray diffraction tomography employing an annular beam.

Paul Evans, Keith Rogers, Anthony Dicken

    Optics Express
    |June 13, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a new X-ray diffraction method for depth-resolved materials characterization. This technique images crystalline phases within 3D objects, offering broad analytical imaging applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Physics

    Background:

    • Characterizing materials in three dimensions is crucial for understanding their properties.
    • Current methods may lack depth resolution or require complex sample preparation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel technique for depth-resolved materials characterization using X-ray diffraction.
    • To enable visualization of crystalline phase distribution within heterogeneous 3D objects.

    Main Methods:

    • Scanning a sample through an annular X-ray beam.
    • Measuring Bragg X-ray diffraction with a central planar detector.
    • Reconstructing depth-resolved material phase images using tomosynthesis.

    Main Results:

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    • Successfully imaged the distribution of cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine, copper, and nickel phases in a 3D object.
    • Demonstrated optical encoding of crystalline phase positions along the X-ray beam.
    • Validated the tomosynthesis approach for depth-resolved imaging.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed X-ray diffraction technique provides effective depth-resolved materials characterization.
    • The method is versatile, scalable, and applicable to various analytical imaging scenarios.
    • This technique advances the ability to analyze complex, heterogeneous materials in 3D.