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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

22.9K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
22.9K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

12.5K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
12.5K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

2.7K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields...
2.7K
Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

48.3K
Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
48.3K
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

2.2K
Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
2.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

15.4K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
15.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Chloride-assisted catalytic water oxidation.

Zuofeng Chen1, Javier J Concepcion, Na Song

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Adding sodium chloride (NaCl) accelerates water oxidation by ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. This study reveals a mechanism where chloride ions are oxidized, enhancing oxygen production in electrocatalysis.

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic water oxidation is crucial for energy conversion technologies.
  • Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes are investigated as catalysts for water oxidation.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms is key to improving catalyst efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of NaCl on the electrocatalytic water oxidation rates.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of NaCl-enhanced water oxidation by a specific Ru(II) complex.
  • To identify intermediate species and reaction pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical studies using a single-site catalyst: [Ru(II)(Mebimpy)(bpy)(OH2)](2+).
  • Experiments conducted in a phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 with varying NaCl concentrations.

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Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether
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  • Spectroscopic and mechanistic analysis to determine reaction pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed significant enhancement in water oxidation rates with added NaCl.
    • Proposed a mechanism involving initial catalyst oxidation to Ru(V)(O)(3+).
    • Identified chloride ion (Cl-) oxidation to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as a key step, followed by HOCl oxidation to O2.

    Conclusions:

    • NaCl acts as a promoter for electrocatalytic water oxidation by this Ru(II) complex.
    • The proposed mechanism highlights the role of chloride in facilitating oxygen evolution.
    • This finding offers insights for designing more efficient water oxidation catalysts.