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The function of multiple ejaculations in bitterling.

C Smith¹, M Warren, R Rouchet

¹School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

|June 14, 2014

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Male bitterling exhibit distinct ejaculation strategies. Rhodeus amarus males

Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Behavioral ecology
Sperm competition

Background:

Multiple ejaculations in males can serve sperm competition or 'topping up' roles.
Bitterling fish utilize freshwater mussels for oviposition and external fertilization.
The mussel's gill cavity acts analogously to the female reproductive tract.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the function of multiple ejaculations in European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) and Chinese rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus).
To understand male bitterling responses to females and rival males concerning ejaculation frequency.

Main Methods:

Observed and measured ejaculation frequency and mussel inspections in 28 replicated mesocosms.
Assessed male responses to rival ejaculations and receptive females.

Keywords:

Acheilognathinae alternative mating tactics fertilization mating system sneaking sperm competition territoriality

Related Experiment Videos

Utilized a model to simulate temporal abundance of spermatozoa within mussels.

Main Results:

Rhodeus amarus males showed high ejaculation rates, increasing them with receptive females present.
Rhodeus ocellatus males had lower ejaculation rates but increased them significantly when rivals ejaculated.
R. amarus strategy appears to maintain baseline sperm levels, boosted by oviposition probability.
R. ocellatus strategy focuses more on direct sperm competition with rivals.

Conclusions:

Male bitterling employ divergent ejaculatory strategies, reflecting different roles of multiple ejaculations.
Rhodeus amarus 'tops up' the mussel, while Rhodeus ocellatus engages in direct sperm competition.
These findings highlight diverse male mating tactics in external fertilization systems.