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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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T cell subpopulations.

Sergio Romagnani1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Chemical Immunology and Allergy
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allergen-specific CD4+ T cells drive allergic diseases by producing key cytokines. Microbial environments may prevent allergies through epigenetic modifications and regulatory T cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Pathogenesis
  • Cellular Immunology

Background:

  • Type 2 helper (Th2) cells are central to allergic disorders, producing IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5.
  • Th2-mediated inflammation is controlled by immune deviation and immune regulation, influenced by the microbial environment.
  • Other immune cells like Th17, Th9, invariant NKT, and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2) also play roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms controlling Th2-mediated allergic inflammation.
  • To highlight the role of the microbial environment in preventing allergies.
  • To discuss the contribution of ILC2 to allergic inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological mechanisms in allergic diseases.
  • Analysis of the role of CD4+ T cell subsets and innate lymphoid cells.
  • Examination of epigenetic regulation and microbial influences.

Main Results:

  • Th2 cells (producing IL-4, IL-13, IL-5) are key drivers of allergic inflammation.
  • Immune deviation and regulation, influenced by microbial exposure, can prevent Th2 responses.
  • Epigenetic control of the IFNG promoter in CD4+ T cells is crucial for microbe-related allergy protection.
  • Innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2) contribute to allergic inflammation by producing IL-5 and IL-13.

Conclusions:

  • Allergen-specific Th2 cells and ILC2 are critical in allergic inflammation.
  • The maternal and newborn microbial environment plays a significant role in preventing allergies, potentially via epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Understanding these cellular and environmental interactions is key to developing allergy treatments.