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Basophils: historical reflections and perspectives.

Gianni Marone1, Francesco Borriello, Gilda Varricchi

  • 1Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

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Basophils, rare white blood cells, play crucial roles in immunity and disease. Research highlights their involvement in allergic, autoimmune, and infectious conditions, suggesting potential as therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Basophils, discovered in 1879, constitute less than 1% of leukocytes, indicating strict regulation of their development.
  • Their presence across diverse animal species suggests a vital, non-redundant function in both innate and adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of basophils in immune responses and various diseases.
  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting basophils or their products.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing basophil-depleting antibodies.
  • Employing transgenic mouse models lacking significant basophil populations (over 90% reduction).

Main Results:

  • Basophils synthesize key cytokines like interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, crucial for Th2 polarization and IgE synthesis.
  • Human basophils also produce IL-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), contributing to angiogenesis.
  • Studies using depletion models reveal previously unrecognized roles for basophils, distinct from mast cells, in immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Despite low numbers, basophils are critically involved in numerous immunologic disorders, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancer.
  • Basophils and their secreted products represent promising therapeutic targets for a range of immune-related conditions.