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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
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Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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Allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Harold S Nelson1, Philip S Norman

  • 1National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colo., USA.

Chemical Immunology and Allergy
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Specific immunotherapy for allergies has evolved since 1911, offering long-lasting relief for hay fever and asthma. This treatment modifies immune responses, providing sustained protection and symptom improvement after discontinuation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Specific immunotherapy (SI) for allergic diseases like hay fever and asthma was introduced in the early 20th century.
  • Early applications focused on pollen allergens, later expanding to perennial allergens and asthma treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and evolving understanding of specific immunotherapy.
  • To elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying immunotherapy's efficacy.
  • To highlight recent advancements and future directions in allergen immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of immunotherapy development and clinical studies.
  • Summary of research on immunological mechanisms, including T-cell responses and antibody shifts.
  • Inclusion of recent therapeutic innovations like sublingual and oral immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Definitive efficacy studies for rhinitis and asthma emerged decades after SI's introduction.
  • Key mechanisms involve regulatory T lymphocytes, Th1/Th2 immune deviation, and a shift from IgE to IgG4 antibodies.
  • Immunotherapy provides persistent symptomatic improvement and protection against disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Specific immunotherapy is a well-established treatment for allergic diseases with enduring benefits.
  • Understanding of its immunologic basis has deepened, guiding new therapeutic strategies.
  • Novel administration routes (sublingual, oral) are expanding immunotherapy's application, including for food allergies.