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Related Concept Videos

Design Example01:23

Design Example

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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
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Responding initiated by pecks on a start key.

S Rutter1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 USA.

Behavioural Processes
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pigeons exposed to fixed-ratio schedules showed a brief pause after reinforcement. The postreinforcement pause (PRP) remained stable, but the poststart pause (PSP) adjusted to schedule constraints.

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral psychology
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • The postreinforcement pause (PRP) is a common phenomenon in operant conditioning.
  • Understanding factors influencing the PRP is crucial for behavioral analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of a "start key" contingency on the PRP in pigeons.
  • To differentiate between the PRP and a newly observed "poststart pause" (PSP).

Main Methods:

  • Four pigeons were exposed to fixed-interval (FI) 30-s schedules.
  • A "start key" contingency was introduced, requiring fixed ratios (FR) before a "work key" was presented.
  • PRP and PSP durations were measured across varying FR requirements (FR 1 to FR 50).

Main Results:

  • The PRP showed minimal lengthening when the start-key contingency was imposed.

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  • The PSP decreased as the FR requirement on the start key increased (notably at FR 2).
  • The PRP and interreinforcement interval (IRI) remained largely unchanged until a high FR requirement (FR 50).

    • Conclusions:

    • The PRP appears to be a stable measure, primarily influenced by the interreinforcement interval (IRI).
    • The PSP is a more flexible measure, adapting to the specific constraints of the "start key" schedule.
    • These findings support the hypothesis that the PRP is refractory to changes in preceding response requirements.