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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.7K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.7K
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

4.5K
Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
4.5K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

1.5K
Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and...
1.5K
SN2 Reaction: Transition State02:26

SN2 Reaction: Transition State

9.9K
An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
9.9K
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

1.9K
Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
1.9K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

16.9K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
16.9K

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Mixing the spacers in azacryptands: effects on halide recognition.

Greta Bergamaschi1, Massimo Boiocchi, Maria Lucia Perrone

  • 1Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I-27100, Pavia, Italy. greta.bergamaschi@unipv.it amendola@unipv.it.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Two new asymmetric dicopper cryptates were synthesized and studied. These novel dicopper cryptates show unique anion binding properties, differing from symmetric analogs and offering potential for designing sensitive molecular receptors.

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Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dicopper cryptates are supramolecular structures with potential applications in molecular recognition.
  • Symmetric cryptates based on furan or p-xylyl spacers have been previously investigated for anion binding.
  • Understanding the impact of structural asymmetry on cryptate properties is crucial for designing tailored receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize new asymmetric dicopper cryptates with alternating furanyl and p-xylyl spacers.
  • To investigate the anion binding behavior of these novel cryptates in aqueous solutions.
  • To explore the potential of these dicopper cryptates as molecular receptors for specific anionic substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Potentiometry
  • UV-vis spectroscopy
  • X-ray diffraction studies
  • Crystal structure determination of a nitrate complex

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of two new asymmetric dicopper cryptates.
  • Demonstrated distinct anion binding similarities among the asymmetric cryptates, differing from symmetric analogs.
  • Observed modification of metal ion distance due to spacer asymmetry, impacting charge transfer (CT) bands and complex stoichiometry with azide ions.

Conclusions:

  • Asymmetric dicopper cryptates exhibit unique anion binding characteristics compared to their symmetric counterparts.
  • Spacer modification in dicopper cryptates significantly influences metal ion proximity and binding properties.
  • These findings provide valuable insights for designing advanced dimetallic cryptate-based molecular receptors with tunable sensitivity for specific anions.