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Related Experiment Video

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The auditory-evoked arousal modulates motor cortex excitability.

O Löfberg1, P Julkunen1, A Pääkkönen1

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.

Neuroscience
|June 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Sudden sounds trigger an arousal reaction, enhancing sensory processing and motor system readiness. This study shows acoustic stimuli prime the central motor system, increasing motor-evoked potentials.

Keywords:
N100arousalauditoryevoked potentialsneurophysiologytranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Arousal, particularly arousal reactions like startle, enhances sensory information processing and attention.
  • The brainstem's ascending reticular activating system is a key origin of arousal reactions, influencing widespread neural activity.
  • The N100 potential, evoked by sudden auditory stimuli, is linked to arousal reactions due to its broad cortical distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of acoustic arousal reactions on the central motor system.
  • To examine if synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the N100 potential reveals motor system modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Eight healthy subjects received auditory stimuli (loud tones) and synchronized TMS targeting the primary motor cortex.
  • Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle.
  • TMS timing was adjusted relative to the auditory stimulus to coincide with or follow the N100 potential.

Main Results:

  • MEPs were significantly larger (p<.001) when TMS was timed to the N100 potential following the initial tone, compared to control conditions.
  • MEPs following the second tone were significantly weaker (p<.05) than those following the first tone.
  • Acoustic arousal reaction was found to facilitate the central motor system.

Conclusions:

  • Acoustic arousal reactions not only enhance sensory cortex activation but also modulate the central motor system.
  • The findings suggest a rapid, integrated response of sensory and motor systems to sudden auditory stimuli.
  • This study provides evidence for arousal's role in preparing the motor system for action.