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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests
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Quantitative relationships between microdamage and cancellous bone strength and stiffness.

C J Hernandez1, F M Lambers2, J Widjaja2

  • 1Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.

Bone
|June 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Microscopic bone damage significantly reduces mechanical performance. Even small amounts of microdamage cause substantial decreases in bone strength and stiffness, impacting future bone health.

Keywords:
BiomechanicsBone qualityCancellous boneMechanical testingMicrodamage

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microscopic tissue damage (microdamage) is a key factor in bone quality and mechanical function.
  • Understanding how microdamage affects future bone performance is crucial for assessing mechanical consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of microdamage, induced by a single compressive overload, on the subsequent biomechanical performance of human vertebral cancellous bone.

Main Methods:

  • Human vertebral cancellous bone specimens (n=47) were subjected to compressive overload.
  • Microdamage was quantified using staining techniques (damage volume fraction, DV/BV).
  • Reloading in compression assessed the relationship between initial microdamage and reduced mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • Damage volume fraction (DV/BV) from initial overload correlated with reductions in Young's modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and yield strain.
  • Small amounts of microdamage (e.g., 1.50% DV/BV) led to significant reductions in mechanical properties (e.g., 41% decrease in Young's modulus).
  • Beyond a certain strain threshold, bone mechanical properties correlated with bone volume fraction, irrespective of microdamage levels.

Conclusions:

  • Microdamage significantly impairs cancellous bone's mechanical performance.
  • Bone volume fraction and prior loading history can estimate future mechanical performance.
  • This study provides empirical relationships to quantify mechanical impairment due to observed microdamage.