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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Investigating how implementation intentions improve non-focal prospective memory tasks.

Rebekah E Smith1, Melissa D McConnell Rogers2, Jennifer C McVay3

  • 1Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.

Consciousness and Cognition
|June 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Implementation intentions, a self-regulatory strategy, enhance goal achievement and prospective memory. This study shows they improve non-focal prospective memory by increasing conscious resource allocation.

Keywords:
Conscious resourcesImplementation intentionsImportanceMultinomial modelingProspective memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Cognition
  • Self-Regulation

Background:

  • Implementation intentions are a well-studied self-regulatory strategy.
  • They are known to improve goal realization and prospective memory task performance.
  • Prospective memory involves remembering to perform an action at a future time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effectiveness of implementation intentions in improving non-focal prospective memory.
  • To explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying this improvement.
  • To examine the impact on action recall and cognitive resource allocation.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using a non-focal task.
  • Participants formed implementation intentions for prospective memory targets.
  • A multinomial model was used to analyze cognitive processes.

Main Results:

  • Implementation intentions significantly improved non-focal prospective memory performance.
  • This improvement correlated with increased conscious resource allocation to the task.
  • Action recall for the prospective memory task was also enhanced.
  • No increase in the perceived importance of the prospective memory task was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Implementation intentions are effective in boosting non-focal prospective memory.
  • The mechanism involves increased conscious resource allocation, not perceived task importance.
  • These intentions also enhance the recall of intended actions.
  • Further research using multinomial models clarifies the cognitive processes involved.