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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
26
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

28
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
28
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

29
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Thyroid surgery in children.

Daniel J Ledbetter1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Seattle Children׳s Hospital, Sand Point Way, Seattle, Washington 98105.

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
|June 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric thyroid conditions, including cancer, are rising. Pediatric surgeons need knowledge of thyroid abnormalities, which can affect function and gland size.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Surgical thyroid conditions are rare in children.
  • Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing in pediatric populations.
  • Children's hospitals manage older adolescents with complex conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of pediatric surgeons understanding thyroid conditions.
  • To review the spectrum of pediatric thyroid abnormalities.
  • To emphasize the need for updated knowledge in pediatric surgical care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pediatric thyroid surgical conditions.
  • Analysis of incidence trends in pediatric thyroid cancer.
  • Case study review of thyroid abnormalities in adolescents.
Keywords:
GoiterRecurrent laryngeal nerveThyroidThyroid hormoneThyroidectomy

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Main Results:

  • Increased incidence of thyroid cancer in children necessitates surgical awareness.
  • Thyroid abnormalities present with functional (hyper/hypothyroidism) and structural (enlargement) changes.
  • Pediatric surgeons must be prepared for diverse thyroid pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric surgeons require comprehensive knowledge of thyroid gland conditions.
  • Early recognition and management of pediatric thyroid disease are crucial.
  • Continued education on pediatric thyroid surgery is essential.