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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Long-term Effectiveness of Ethanol Ablation in Controlling Neck Nodal Metastases in Childhood Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Low risk papillary thyroid cancer.

Juan P Brito1, Ian D Hay2, John C Morris3

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
|June 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-risk papillary thyroid cancer, often small and localized, has a high survival rate. This review advocates for individualized treatment approaches, moving away from aggressive interventions for these indolent tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer incidence is rising, with most cases being small, localized papillary thyroid cancer.
  • These low-risk tumors have an excellent prognosis, yet are often treated aggressively.
  • Increased detection is linked to advanced imaging technologies revealing subclinical disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an evidence-based approach for managing low-risk papillary thyroid cancer.
  • To evaluate current treatment strategies and discuss emerging therapeutic options.
  • To promote individualized treatment plans for low-risk thyroid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on low-risk papillary thyroid cancer management.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting or refuting aggressive treatment modalities.
  • Exploration of alternative and minimally invasive therapies.

Main Results:

  • Aggressive treatment, including extensive surgery and radioactive iodine, offers no proven benefit for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer.
  • Disagreement exists regarding the extent of surgery and the necessity of prophylactic lymph node dissection.
  • Emerging strategies like minimally invasive therapies and active surveillance show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Current aggressive management of low-risk papillary thyroid cancer is often unwarranted.
  • Individualized treatment, potentially including less invasive options and active surveillance, is recommended.
  • Further research into alternative therapies is crucial for optimizing patient care.