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Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

Perceptual averaging governs antisaccade endpoint bias.

Caitlin Gillen¹, Matthew Heath

¹School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.

Experimental Brain Research

|June 18, 2014

Summary

Antisaccade eye movements are guided by a statistical average of target locations, not just individual targets. This perceptual averaging explains biases in eye movement accuracy across different visual ranges.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Oculomotor Research

Background:

Antisaccades involve looking away from a visual stimulus, requiring complex sensorimotor transformations.
Understanding the visual percept guiding antisaccades is crucial for explaining oculomotor behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To differentiate between the oculomotor range effect and perceptual averaging hypotheses for antisaccade accuracy.
To investigate how the range of target eccentricities influences antisaccade performance.

Main Methods:

Participants performed antisaccades and prosaccades in separate proximal and distal blocks with varying target eccentricities.
Data analysis focused on antisaccade amplitudes and biases across different target locations and blocks.

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Main Results:

The proximal block showed overshooting for near targets and undershooting for far targets, but no bias for the central target.
The distal block demonstrated a significant undershooting bias for the central target that extended to all targets in that block.
Results contradicted the range effect hypothesis but supported perceptual averaging.

Conclusions:

The visual percept guiding antisaccades is based on a statistical summary (perceptual averaging) of target eccentricities within a set.
Perceptual averaging provides a parsimonious explanation for sensorimotor transformations using relative visual information.