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Changes in resting heart rate variability across the menstrual cycle.

Matthew S Tenan1, R Matthew Brothers, Andrew J Tweedell

  • 1Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; United States Army Research Laboratory-Human Research and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.

Psychophysiology
|June 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Heart rate variability (HRV) decreases during the menstrual cycle due to parasympathetic withdrawal. A new breathing control method improved HRV spectral analysis, confirming these findings.

Keywords:
Autonomic nervous systemEstrogenHeart rate variabilityMenstrual cycleProgesterone

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Research
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic nervous system (ANS) function.
  • Menstrual cycle phases can influence physiological parameters, including ANS activity.
  • Existing HRV analysis methods may be confounded by respiratory influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in HRV throughout a normal menstrual cycle.
  • To introduce and validate a novel piecewise function for controlling breathing effects in HRV spectral analysis.
  • To elucidate the ANS mechanisms underlying HRV fluctuations during the menstrual cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Collected resting electrocardiogram (ECG) data from 13 women at five distinct menstrual cycle points.
  • Analyzed time-domain HRV and breathing rate.
  • Developed and applied a piecewise function to account for breathing rate in HRV spectral analysis.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant increases in heart rate and breathing rate across the menstrual cycle (p < .01).
  • Documented a significant decrease in time-domain HRV (p = .04).
  • The piecewise function significantly improved the goodness-of-fit for HRV spectral analysis.
  • Breathing-corrected HRV spectral parameters showed a significant decrease in high-frequency HRV (p = .02), indicating parasympathetic withdrawal.

Conclusions:

  • HRV decreases during the menstrual cycle, primarily driven by parasympathetic withdrawal.
  • The novel piecewise function effectively controls for breathing effects, enhancing HRV spectral analysis accuracy.
  • This study provides a more refined understanding of ANS regulation across the menstrual cycle.