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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Thermoregulation01:26

Thermoregulation

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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Related Experiment Video

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Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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Thermoregulatory modeling for cold stress.

Xiaojiang Xu1, Peter Tikuisis

  • 1Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.

Comprehensive Physiology
|June 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cold stress modeling advances human physiology research and cold environment activities. Future models require addressing significant challenges for improved predictions of cold exposure effects.

Area of Science:

  • Human physiology
  • Environmental science
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Cold stress modeling has a long history of innovation.
  • It significantly influences cold physiology research and human activities in cold environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of cold thermoregulatory model development.
  • To outline key principles for current and future model development.
  • To review heat exchange mechanisms and applications of cold stress modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing historical model development.
  • Discussing human body representations for varying detail and accuracy.
  • Presenting algorithms for thermoregulatory mechanisms (shivering, vasomotor responses).

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  • Reviewing heat exchange pathways between humans and cold environments.

    • Main Results:

    • Cold stress models predict physiological responses like shivering and vasomotor activity.
    • Models forecast outcomes such as skin freezing and hypothermia survival times.
    • Applications include interpreting physiological data and predicting cold exposure risks.

    Conclusions:

    • Cold stress modeling has yielded remarkable advances.
    • Significant challenges remain for future model development.
    • Continued innovation is needed to enhance predictions and applications in cold environments.