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Related Concept Videos

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Glut4 expression defines an insulin-sensitive hypothalamic neuronal population.

Hongxia Ren1, Shijun Yan2, Baifang Zhang1

  • 1Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Molecular Metabolism
|June 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Glut4 neurons in the brain are sensitive to insulin and play a role in regulating metabolism. Ablating insulin receptors in these neurons impairs insulin signaling and reduces neuronal activity.

Keywords:
CNSGlut4 neuronsInsulin signalingIon channelNeurotransmitter receptor

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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) influences satiety and glucose metabolism.
  • Identifying specific insulin target neurons in the CNS is crucial for understanding these processes.
  • Previous work implicated Glut4-expressing tissues in systemic insulin action.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether Glut4-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus constitute an insulin-sensitive neuronal subset.
  • To characterize the molecular profile of these neurons and their response to insulin receptor ablation.

Main Methods:

  • Flow sorting of hypothalamic Glut4 neurons for gene expression profiling.
  • Transcriptome profiling of Glut4 neurons following genetic ablation of insulin receptors (InsR).
  • Analysis of gene ontology pathways and neuronal firing activity.

Main Results:

  • Glut4 neurons are enriched in olfactory-sensory receptors, M2 acetylcholine receptors, and pathways related to insulin sensitivity.
  • Ablation of InsR in Glut4 neurons impaired insulin, peptide hormone, and cAMP signaling pathways.
  • InsR-deficient Glut4 neurons exhibited reduced firing activity and upregulation of the anion homeostasis pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Glut4 neurons represent an insulin-sensitive neuronal population in the hypothalamus.
  • These neurons integrate olfactory-sensory cues with hormonal signaling to regulate peripheral metabolism.
  • The findings provide insights into the neural mechanisms governing metabolic homeostasis.