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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

1.6K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
1.6K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

1.6K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
1.6K
Radical Equations01:26

Radical Equations

555
Radical equations are mathematical expressions in which the variable is found within a radical, most commonly a square root or cube root. These equations frequently arise in science, engineering, and real-world measurements involving nonlinear relationships. To solve a radical equation, the standard procedure is to isolate the radical expression and then eliminate the radical by raising each side to a power equal to the index of the radical. This process may lead to extraneous...
555
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.2K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.2K
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

4.1K
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
4.1K
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

1.7K
Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
1.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction
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[Radical segmentectomy].

Morihito Okada

    Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi
    |June 21, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sublobar resection, including segmentectomy, offers comparable outcomes to lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Segmentectomy is oncologically superior to wedge resection due to enabling nodal dissection, crucial for precise staging and reducing recurrence.

    Area of Science:

    • Thoracic Surgery
    • Surgical Oncology
    • Pulmonary Medicine

    Context:

    • Sublobar resection (segmentectomy, wedge resection) for early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients eligible for lobectomy is debated.
    • Lobectomy has been the standard of care, but recent studies suggest similar outcomes for sublobar resection in T1a NSCLC.
    • Increasing detection of small lung cancers necessitates evaluating alternative surgical approaches.

    Purpose:

    • To define the current understanding and indications for radical segmentectomy in treating small NSCLC.
    • To differentiate segmentectomy from wedge resection based on oncological principles and outcomes.
    • To guide surgical decision-making, including intraoperative conversion to lobectomy, for optimal patient management.

    Summary:

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    Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

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    Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer
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    Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision
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  • Segmentectomy indications are limited to T1 tumors ≤3cm, considering imaging findings (CT, PET-CT), especially for T1b.
  • Intraoperative confirmation of nodal involvement or inadequate margins mandates conversion to lobectomy with complete nodal dissection.
  • Segmentectomy is oncologically advantageous over wedge resection due to facilitating hilar nodal dissection, crucial for accurate staging and local recurrence reduction.

    • Impact:

    • Establishes segmentectomy as a distinct and valuable procedure, separate from wedge resection, in the sublobar resection category.
    • Highlights the importance of precise staging and achieving sufficient surgical margins to minimize local recurrence rates.
    • Emphasizes the need for surgeons to master segmentectomy as small NSCLC detection rates rise, potentially improving patient outcomes.