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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
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Perceiving emotions in neutral faces: expression processing is biased by affective person knowledge.

Franziska Suess1, Milena Rabovsky2, Rasha Abdel Rahman2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany franziska.suess@hu-berlin.de.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|June 21, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emotional knowledge influences facial perception. Negative biographical information made neutral faces appear more negative, demonstrating that external context biases how we interpret facial expressions.

Keywords:
ERPsaffective knowledgeemotionfacial expressions

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Basic emotions are thought to have invariant facial expressions.
  • Facial expression perception is assumed to be independent of external influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if external emotional knowledge biases the perception of neutral facial expressions.
  • To test the invariance assumption of basic emotion expressions.

Main Methods:

  • Neutral faces of known and unknown individuals were presented.
  • Faces were associated with negative, positive, or neutral biographical information.
  • Behavioral ratings and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Faces associated with negative information were perceived as more negative.
  • Event-related brain potential modulations (early posterior negativity) indicated altered sensory processing.
  • Affective knowledge biased the perception of neutral faces towards negative emotions.

Conclusions:

  • Facial expression perception is not invariant and can be significantly influenced by external affective knowledge.
  • Socially relevant contextual information can alter the subjective interpretation of neutral facial expressions.
  • Early sensory processing of faces is modulated by associated emotional knowledge.