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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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Bicycle helmet size, adjustment, and stability.

Kim T Thai1, Andrew S McIntosh, Toh Yen Pang

  • 1a School of Aviation , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.

Traffic Injury Prevention
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Many cyclists wear incorrectly sized or adjusted bicycle helmets, compromising head protection. Proper helmet adjustment, not just size, is crucial for stability and safety during cycling.

Keywords:
bicycle helmetshead anthropometrystability testing

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Factors Engineering
  • Sports Safety

Background:

  • Bicycle helmets are critical for head protection, but their effectiveness depends on proper fit and adjustment.
  • Poorly fitting or fastened helmets risk displacement or ejection during use or crashes.
  • Understanding factors influencing helmet fit and stability is essential for improving cyclist safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors influencing bicycle helmet size and adjustment among cyclists.
  • To examine the impact of helmet size and adjustment on helmet stability.
  • To assess the real-world fit and stability of bicycle helmets.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed recreational and commuter cyclists in Sydney regarding helmet use.
  • Measured anthropometric head characteristics.
  • Conducted quasi-static helmet stability tests based on Australian standards.

Main Results:

  • Most cyclists (91%) used compliant helmets, but many wore incorrect sizes or had poor adjustments, particularly younger individuals.
  • Head circumference generally matched ISO headforms, but head shapes varied.
  • Correct helmet adjustment significantly impacted stability more than helmet size, head dimensions, or shape.

Conclusions:

  • Bicycle helmets are frequently the wrong size and poorly adjusted, especially in younger cyclists.
  • Encouraging correct helmet adjustment is vital for cyclist safety.
  • Current testing headforms may not accurately represent diverse cyclist head shapes, posing challenges for manufacturers.