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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

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Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
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Types of Impact01:30

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Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
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Impact: Problem Solving01:26

Impact: Problem Solving

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In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
By designating the launch point as the origin and utilizing kinematic equations, the vertical component of the projectile's velocity at the point of impact is...
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Impulse01:13

Impulse

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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
Additionally, it can be shown that the...
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Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

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Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...
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Elastic Collisions: Case Study01:15

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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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Granular dynamics during impact.

K N Nordstrom1, E Lim2, M Harrington1

  • 1Institute for Physical Science and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Projectile impacts on granular materials are unaffected by fluid presence. Increased prestrain strengthens force chains, influencing stopping force prefactors and leading to more plastic rearrangements in weaker chains, highlighting static friction

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of granular materials
  • Impact dynamics
  • Fluid-structure interaction

Background:

  • Understanding granular material behavior under impact is crucial for various engineering applications.
  • The role of internal structure, such as force chains, in energy dissipation during impact is not fully understood.
  • The influence of interstitial fluids on impact dynamics in granular media requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact dynamics of a projectile on a granular bed.
  • To examine the effect of prestrain on granular systems and its influence on impact forces.
  • To determine the role of interstitial fluid and inter-grain friction in energy dissipation.

Main Methods:

  • Projectile impact experiments on a 3 mm grain bed.
  • Varying the prestrain applied to the granular sample.
  • Utilizing laser sheet scanning to visualize and track individual grain trajectories during impact.
  • Developing a model to explain strain-dependent impact forces.

Main Results:

  • The presence of an index-matched fluid did not significantly alter impact dynamics.
  • Increased prestrain modified the prefactor of the linear depth-dependent stopping force term.
  • Weaker initial force chains correlated with increased irreversible, plastic grain rearrangements.
  • A model was proposed to explain the strain dependence of the stopping force.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic friction with the fluid is not a significant factor in the impact process.
  • Static friction between grains plays a substantial role in energy dissipation.
  • The initial strength of force chains dictates the degree of plastic deformation and energy loss during impact.