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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
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Central genes, pathways and modules that regulate bone mass.

Isabel Quiros-Gonzalez1, Vijay K Yadav2

  • 1Systems Biology of Bone Laboratory, Department of Mouse and Zebrafish Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|June 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain coordinates bone remodeling with bodily functions through neural circuits and hormonal signals. Advances in molecular genetics reveal how these brain pathways regulate bone mass and metabolism.

Keywords:
BoneBrainLeptinSerotoninSympathetic nervous system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Bone remodeling is essential for skeletal integrity and function throughout life.
  • Bone remodeling is an energy-intensive process coordinated with systemic physiology, including metabolism and reproduction.
  • The brain plays a crucial role in integrating bone remodeling with other organ systems via neural and hormonal pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of hormonal signals and neural circuits originating in or affecting the brain in regulating bone mass.
  • To provide an updated perspective on how molecular genetics has elucidated neural circuits controlling bone mass.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which the vertebrate brain regulates bone mass through metabolic signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on neurobiology and bone metabolism.
  • Analysis of advances in molecular genetics.
  • Integration of findings on neural circuits, neurotransmitters, and hormonal regulation of bone mass.

Main Results:

  • Neural circuits within the brain are key regulators of bone remodeling and mass.
  • Hormonal signals and neurotransmitters originating from or acting on the brain fine-tune bone metabolism.
  • Molecular genetics has refined our understanding of specific neuronal populations and their roles in bone regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The brain is a central regulator of bone mass, integrating systemic signals.
  • Understanding brain-bone communication is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for bone disorders.
  • Future research directions include further dissecting neural circuits and their molecular underpinnings in bone regulation.