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Macrophage subsets and microglia in multiple sclerosis.

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Macrophages and microglia are key players in brain disorders. Their roles can be harmful or helpful, depending on the disease stage and location, offering potential for new neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Macrophages and microglia are critical effector cells in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • These phagocytes exhibit significant heterogeneity and dynamic spatial-temporal identities within the central nervous system (CNS).
  • The dual role of phagocyte subtypes and phenotypes as either pathogenic or protective in CNS pathologies is a subject of ongoing debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the spatiotemporal physiology of macrophage subsets and microglia in healthy and diseased CNS.
  • To elaborate on factors regulating macrophage and microglia behavior.
  • To define the impact of peripheral macrophages on CNS pathologies, with a focus on multiple sclerosis (MS).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on microglia and macrophage roles in CNS disorders.
  • Analysis of the dual functions of these cells in promoting or repairing CNS damage.
  • Exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting microglia and macrophage physiology.

Main Results:

  • Microglia and macrophages display dynamic, disease stage, and location-specific functions in the CNS.
  • In MS, these cells can exacerbate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration or promote repair.
  • Peripheral macrophages also influence CNS pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Microglia and macrophages are highly adaptable cells with context-dependent roles in neurological disorders.
  • Harnessing the specific physiology of divergent phagocyte subsets at distinct disease stages offers promising therapeutic avenues for CNS pathologies.
  • Targeting these cells may suppress neuroinflammation and promote CNS repair.