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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry
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Published on: December 9, 2025

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Mandibular volumetric increase following distraction osteogenesis.

Miles J Pfaff1, Philipp Metzler1, Yunsoo Kim1

  • 1Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
|June 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Mandibular distraction osteogenesis significantly increased mandibular volume in Pierre Robin sequence patients, nearly doubling it. Post-distraction volume approached normal levels, though symmetry was slightly reduced compared to controls.

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial surgery
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Maxillofacial reconstruction

Background:

  • Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) treatment often involves mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) to improve airway and feeding.
  • The impact of MDO on mandibular volume and symmetry compared to normal controls is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify mandibular volume changes after MDO in PRS patients.
  • To assess mandibular symmetry post-MDO.
  • To compare these metrics to a non-distracted, age- and sex-matched control group.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) scans were used for analysis.
  • Mandibular volume and symmetry indices were calculated for both MDO-treated PRS patients and normal controls.
Keywords:
Airway obstructionMandibular distractionMicrognathiaRetrognathia

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  • Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of P ≤0.05.

    • Main Results:

    • MDO increased mandibular volume by 113.3% (from 7238.1 mm³ to 15,360.6 mm³; P=0.0003).
    • Post-distraction mandibular volume (15,360.6 mm³) was comparable to normal controls (13,488.6 mm³; P=0.40).
    • Mandibular symmetry improved post-MDO (symmetry index from 0.91 to 0.95; P=0.31), though it remained less symmetrical than controls (0.95 vs 0.99; P=0.68).

    Conclusions:

    • MDO significantly enhances mandibular volume in PRS patients.
    • While post-MDO volume approaches that of normal controls, mandibular symmetry is slightly reduced.
    • MDO is an effective procedure for mandibular lengthening with acceptable symmetry outcomes.