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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

80
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
80
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

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Hepatitis B virus infection.

Christian Trépo1, Henry L Y Chan2, Anna Lok3

  • 1Department of Hepatology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.

Lancet (London, England)
|June 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus infection affects 30% globally. While vaccination reduces prevalence, long-term antiviral therapy can reverse liver damage and lower cancer risk, but new treatments for HBsAg clearance are needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health issue, with approximately 30% of the world's population exhibiting serological evidence of infection.
  • HBV is a DNA virus transmitted via blood and semen, posing risks of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly in those with perinatally acquired infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Hepatitis B virus infection, including its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the impact of vaccination and antiviral therapies on HBV infection outcomes.
  • To emphasize the need for novel therapeutic strategies for improved HBsAg clearance and virological cure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on Hepatitis B virus prevalence worldwide.
  • Analysis of the role of host immune response in HBV pathogenesis and viral control.
  • Evaluation of the efficacy of existing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
  • Discussion of the mechanisms of liver damage and disease progression in chronic HBV infection.

Main Results:

  • Universal infant vaccination since 1981 has led to a significant decrease in HBV prevalence.
  • HBV is not directly cytopathic; liver damage results from the interplay between viral replication and the host immune response.
  • Long-term antiviral treatment can reduce hepatic inflammation, reverse cirrhosis, and decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis B virus infection remains a major public health concern requiring ongoing management and prevention strategies.
  • While current treatments are effective in controlling viral replication and disease progression, achieving complete viral cure and HBsAg clearance remains a challenge.
  • Further research and development of new therapies are essential to improve outcomes for individuals with chronic Hepatitis B infection and work towards a virological cure.