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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders.

Yuliya E Borre1, Gerard W O'Keeffe2, Gerard Clarke3

  • 1Laboratory of NeuroGastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|June 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early life gut microbiota development parallels nervous system maturation. Disruptions during these critical windows can impact neurodevelopment and mental health, suggesting early interventions.

Keywords:
autismbrain disordersbrain–gut axismicrobiomeneurogastroenterologystress

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The gut microbiota is crucial for human health, mediating gut-brain communication.
  • Microbiota development is dynamic throughout life, forming early symbiotic relationships with the host.
  • Early-life disturbances in gut microbiota can negatively affect neurodevelopment and long-term mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the parallel early development of the intestinal microbiota and the nervous system.
  • To introduce the concept of interacting microbial-neural critical windows.
  • To explore novel therapeutic strategies targeting early-life microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on gut microbiota and nervous system development.
  • It compares the developmental timelines and interaction points.
  • It discusses the implications of early-life perturbations.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiota and nervous system undergo parallel developmental trajectories.
  • Specific early-life periods represent critical windows where microbial-neural interactions are highly influential.
  • Perturbations during these windows can lead to lasting neurodevelopmental and mental health consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the parallel development of the gut microbiota and nervous system is key.
  • The concept of microbial-neural critical windows offers a framework for early intervention.
  • Microbiota-modulating therapies in early life hold promise for preventing neurodevelopmental deficits and brain disorders.