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Related Concept Videos

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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory
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Randomized trial comparing mindfulness training for smokers to a matched control.

James M Davis1, Alison R Manley2, Simon B Goldberg3

  • 1University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, 1930 Monroe, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
|June 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Mindfulness training for smoking cessation did not significantly increase quit rates compared to a standard program. However, it did reduce urges and improve stress management for smokers attempting to quit.

Keywords:
Freedom from smokingMeditationMindfulnessSmokingTobacco

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Public Health
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Smoking remains a significant public health issue with high relapse rates.
  • Existing smoking cessation therapies have limited long-term success.
  • Novel interventions are needed to improve smoking abstinence rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of a novel mindfulness training smoking cessation program against a standard control program.
  • To assess the impact of mindfulness on smoking abstinence, urges, stress, and avoidance.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 175 low socioeconomic status smokers.
  • Participants were assigned to either a mindfulness training intervention or a matched control (American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking program).
  • Outcomes included biochemically confirmed 6-month smoking abstinence, urges, mindfulness, perceived stress, and experiential avoidance.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference was found in intent-to-treat, biochemically confirmed 6-month smoking abstinence rates (mindfulness: 25.0%, control: 17.9%, p=0.35).
  • The mindfulness group showed significant improvements in measures of urges, mindfulness, perceived stress, and experiential avoidance.
  • The mindfulness intervention demonstrated positive effects on secondary outcomes despite not reaching statistical significance in the primary outcome.

Conclusions:

  • Mindfulness training may offer benefits for smoking cessation by reducing urges and improving psychological well-being.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize mindfulness-based interventions for higher long-term smoking abstinence rates.
  • Mindfulness interventions show promise as a complementary approach in smoking cessation efforts.