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Drying Shrinkage01:21

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Segregation in fresh concrete is a phenomenon where the components of the concrete mix separate, leading to uneven distribution and compromised structural integrity. This separation typically occurs when concrete is subjected to excessive horizontal movement within forms, or when it is dropped from considerable heights or forced through narrow, winding paths. As a result, heavier coarse aggregate particles settle at the bottom, while lighter, finer materials such as cement and water rise to the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Does dynamic vulcanization induce phase separation?

Mohammad Mahdi Abolhasani1, Fatemeh Zarejousheghani, Minoo Naebe

  • 1Chemical Engineering Department, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. abolhasani@kashanu.ac.ir.

Soft Matter
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Dynamic vulcanization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and acrylic rubber (ACM) blends reveals crosslinking effects on phase separation. Increased crosslink density near phase boundaries decomposes structures, altering morphology.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and acrylic rubber (ACM) blends are utilized in various applications.
  • Understanding phase separation and morphology is crucial for optimizing blend properties.
  • Dynamic vulcanization offers a method to control polymer network structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dynamic vulcanization on phase separation in PVDF/ACM blends.
  • To analyze the effect of crosslinking on blend morphology and lamellar structure.
  • To explore the influence of shear rate on the final system morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic vulcanization of immiscible and miscible PVDF/ACM blends.
  • Mixing torque analysis to assess processability.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological investigation.
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Mixing torque behavior differed significantly between miscible and immiscible blends.
  • Submicron ACM droplets were observed after dynamic vulcanization near the binodal curve.
  • Increased crosslink density led to decreased lamellar long period, indicating phase decomposition.
  • Shear rate effects were studied by varying mixing temperature and vulcanization conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic vulcanization significantly influences phase separation and morphology in PVDF/ACM blends.
  • Crosslinking density is a key factor in controlling phase decomposition and structural changes.
  • Shear rate plays a role in determining the final morphology of the dynamically vulcanized blends.