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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...

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The Cardiac Cycle

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

Published on: July 25, 2019

"Isolated Atrial Inversion" Without Transposition Physiology: Yet Another "Twisted Heart".

Saurabh Kumar Gupta¹, Gurpreet Singh Gulati², Anita Saxena¹

¹Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

World Journal for Pediatric & Congenital Heart Surgery

|June 25, 2014

Summary

Isolated atrial inversion, a rare heart anomaly, was observed with normal atrioventricular connections. This case highlights a unique presentation of mirror-imaged atrial arrangement without visceral situs inversus.

Keywords:

cardiac anatomy/pathologic anatomy cardiac catheterization/intervention computed tomography scan congenital heart disease

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Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

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Published on: July 25, 2019

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

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Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

Published on: June 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Developmental Biology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Atrial inversion, or mirror-imaged atrial arrangement, typically presents with discordant atrioventricular connections and transposition physiology.
Previous cases have not described isolated atrial inversion without visceral abnormalities.

Observation:

A rare case of isolated atrial inversion was identified.
This condition occurred without corresponding mirror imagery of the viscera.

Findings:

The observed atrial inversion featured concordant atrioventricular connections.
This concordant connection was attributed to a unique criss-crossing of ventricular inflows.

Implications:

This case expands the understanding of atrial arrangement variations in congenital heart disease.
It suggests that isolated atrial inversion can occur with normal atrioventricular connections, challenging previous associations.