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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons
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Reprogramming cells for brain repair.

Alyx T Guarino1, Randall D McKinnon2

  • 1Neurosurgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Patterson St. CAB 7084, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. aguarino@eden.rutgers.edu.

Brain Sciences
|June 26, 2014
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Summary

Current therapies cannot repair brain or spinal cord injuries. Cell reprogramming offers a promising approach to generate autologous cells for regenerative medicine, overcoming limitations of current stem cell therapies for neurological repair.

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In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neurological injuries like traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury currently lack effective clinical repair therapies.
  • The central nervous system has limited endogenous stem cells for replacing lost neurons and glia.
  • Pre-clinical studies show promise for exogenous cell transplants in repairing brain and spinal cord damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of cell reprogramming for generating autologous cell therapies for neurological repair.
  • To address limitations of current stem cell-based approaches, including histocompatibility and tumorigenicity concerns.
  • To advance understanding of cell reprogramming for improved direct and in vivo reprogramming strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pre-clinical studies on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) for neurological repair.
  • Examination of cell reprogramming technologies, including trans-differentiation of somatic cells.
  • Discussion of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cell therapies and their associated challenges.

Main Results:

  • Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) demonstrate paracrine repair mechanisms for ischemic injury.
  • Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) grafts show significant functional recovery in spinal cord injury models.
  • Cell reprogramming offers a pathway to generate patient-specific neurons and glia, mitigating allograft and ESC-graft issues.

Conclusions:

  • Cell reprogramming holds significant potential for developing autologous cell therapies to repair the brain and spinal cord.
  • Further research into cell reprogramming mechanisms could lead to more efficient direct and in vivo repair strategies.
  • Addressing histocompatibility and tumorigenicity concerns is crucial for advancing cell-based regenerative therapies for neurological disorders.