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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Experimental RNAi02:15

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells
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RARs and microRNAs.

Clara Nervi1, Francesco Grignani

  • 1Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy, clara.nervi@uniroma1.it.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry
|June 26, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and retinoic acid (RA) interact dynamically to regulate gene expression. This review highlights their interplay in development, differentiation, and disease, emphasizing miRNA roles in RA signaling pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression.
  • Retinoic acid (RA) dynamically influences gene expression, suggesting a link with miRNA activity.
  • miRNAs are implicated in RA's biological effects during development and in various cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of miRNA biogenesis, regulation, and function.
  • To highlight the functional interplay between miRNAs and RA-regulated molecular networks.
  • To discuss the role of miRNAs modulated by RA in various biological processes and diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on mechanistic aspects of miRNA biogenesis and regulation.
  • Analysis of recent evidence on the functional interplay between miRNAs and RA signaling.
  • Compilation of examples of tissue-specific roles of RA-modulated miRNAs.

Main Results:

  • RA regulates the expression of numerous miRNAs, indicating their importance in RA-controlled gene expression.
  • miRNAs play significant roles in stem cell pluripotency, regeneration, embryonic development, and differentiation.
  • Dysregulation of RA-modulated miRNAs is linked to disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant functional interplay between miRNAs and RA signaling pathways.
  • miRNAs are key mediators and targets in RA biology, impacting various physiological and pathological processes.
  • Further research into the nuclear activity of miRNAs in RA signaling is warranted.