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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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The work done to bring a charge through a distance r is given by the potential difference between the initial and the final position. To assemble a collection of point charges, the total work done can be expressed in terms of the product of each pair of charges divided by their separation distance, defined with respect to a suitable origin. Solving this expression gives the energy stored in a point charge distribution.
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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
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Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells
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Biological charge transfer via flickering resonance.

Yuqi Zhang1, Chaoren Liu1, Alexander Balaeff1

  • 1Departments of Chemistry.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A new flickering resonance (FR) mechanism explains biological electron transfer (ET) in molecules like DNA. This FR mechanism, involving transient energy matching, supports coherent charge transfer and mimics tunneling over short distances.

Keywords:
coherencegated transportresonant tunneling pathwayssuperexchangevibronic coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Biological electron transfer (ET) is often explained by electron tunneling or hopping.
  • Existing models may not fully capture ET in systems with multiple redox cofactors and vibronic broadening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and theoretically describe a new mechanism for biological electron transfer: flickering resonance (FR).
  • To investigate how FR influences charge transfer rates and distance dependence in biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical framework for flickering resonance (FR) in multi-cofactor systems.
  • Analyzed the distance dependence of ET rates predicted by the FR mechanism.
  • Applied the theory to DNA charge transfer kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Flickering resonance (FR) supports coherent (ballistic) charge transfer through transient energy level matching.
  • FR-mediated ET rates decay exponentially with distance, similar to tunneling.
  • The FR mechanism can explain observed DNA charge transfer kinetics over distances of 3-4 bases (≲ 15 Å).

Conclusions:

  • The exponential distance dependence of DNA ET rates does not exclusively prove electron tunneling.
  • Flickering resonance (FR) offers an alternative explanation for rapid charge transfer in DNA and other macromolecules.
  • FR is a plausible mechanism for ET in systems with redox cofactors in van der Waals contact.