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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
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DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic...
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Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Hypomagnesemia: a clinical perspective.

Phuong-Chi T Pham1, Phuong-Anh T Pham2, Son V Pham3

  • 1Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease
|June 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypomagnesemia, or low magnesium levels, is vital for human health but often overlooked. This review clarifies its significance, metabolism, causes, and management strategies for better clinical recognition.

Keywords:
TRPM6alcoholcisplatindiabetes mellitushypomagnesemiamagnesium

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nephrology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Magnesium is crucial for numerous physiological functions.
  • Hypomagnesemia is under-recognized and underappreciated in clinical settings.
  • Understanding magnesium metabolism, especially renal handling, is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of hypomagnesemia.
  • To review normal magnesium metabolism and renal handling.
  • To outline congenital and acquired causes of hypomagnesemia.
  • To propose an approach for hypomagnesemia evaluation and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hypomagnesemia.
  • Focus on renal magnesium handling.
  • Categorization of congenital and acquired conditions.
  • Development of an evaluation and management strategy.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of magnesium's physiological roles.
  • Explanation of renal magnesium reabsorption and excretion.
  • Compilation of diverse causes of hypomagnesemia.
  • Structured approach to diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Increased clinical awareness of hypomagnesemia is necessary.
  • Comprehensive understanding of magnesium metabolism aids diagnosis.
  • A systematic approach improves patient management for hypomagnesemia.