Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....

Pneumonia IV: Management

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtypes; Immune Escape; Limitations of Current Immunotherapy; and the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 Axis as an Emerging Target.

Current issues in molecular biology·2026

Same author

The Impact of Environmental and Climate Factors on Pneumonia Pathogenesis.

Clinics in chest medicine·2026

Same author

Systemic Protein Biomarkers, Composite Blood Inflammatory Indices and Cellular Ratios in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Targets.

Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

The Potassium-Uptake Systems, Trk and Kdp, Coordinately Contribute to Growth Regulation and Survival of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in Ion-Depleted and Acidic Environments.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same author

Recognising RSV infection in adults: The role of recently-developed vaccines.

African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine·2026

Same author

Risk Groups for Vaccine-Preventable Respiratory Infections in Children and Adults: An Overview of the Australian Environment.

Vaccines·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Review: current and new generation pneumococcal vaccines.

Charles Feldman¹, Ronald Anderson²

¹Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The Journal of Infection

|June 27, 2014

Summary

Pneumococcal vaccines like PPV23 and PCV13 have improved public health but have limitations. New protein and whole cell vaccines aim for broader, serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal disease.

Keywords:

Pneumococcal choline binding protein A Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines Pneumococcal surface protein A Pneumococcal surface protein C Pneumolysin Polyhistidine triad proteins Recombinant protein vaccines Streptococcus pneumoniae Whole cell vaccines

More Related Videos

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPVs) and conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly impacted public health.
PPV23 efficacy against all-cause pneumonia is debated, while PCVs are vital for preventing severe pneumococcal disease in infants and high-risk adults.
PCV efficacy is limited by serotype replacement due to nasopharyngeal colonization with non-vaccine serotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the successes and limitations of current pneumococcal vaccines (PPVs and PCVs).
To explore emerging protein-based and whole cell pneumococcal vaccines.
To consider conserved pneumococcal virulence factors as potential vaccine candidates.

Main Methods:

Literature review of pneumococcal vaccines.
Analysis of vaccine efficacy and limitations.
Discussion of novel vaccine development strategies.

Main Results:

PPVs and PCVs have demonstrated public health benefits but face challenges.
Serotype replacement is a key limitation of current PCVs.
New vaccine candidates, including protein-based and whole cell approaches, are under development.

Conclusions:

Despite successes, current pneumococcal vaccines have limitations requiring new strategies.
Emerging vaccines targeting conserved virulence factors offer potential for serotype-independent protection.
Continued research into novel pneumococcal vaccines is crucial for comprehensive disease prevention.