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Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
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Microtubule dynamics in axon guidance.

Guofa Liu1, Trisha Dwyer

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA, Guofa.Liu@utoledo.edu.

Neuroscience Bulletin
|June 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cytoskeletal dynamics in neuronal growth cones are crucial for axon guidance. Extracellular cues directly and indirectly regulate microtubule stability, influencing neuronal development and projection.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cytoskeletal modulation is vital for cellular functions like division, migration, and adhesion.
  • Developing neurons utilize extracellular cues for directed growth (axon guidance).
  • Microtubules within the neuronal growth cone are key targets for guidance cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate how extracellular guidance cues regulate microtubule dynamics in developing neurons.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms linking signaling pathways to microtubule stability and axon outgrowth.
  • To explore the role of microtubule-associated proteins in growth cone steering.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating signaling cascades triggered by extracellular cues.
  • Analyzing the direct coupling of guidance receptors to microtubules.

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  • Examining the function of microtubule-associated proteins and signaling molecules (e.g., calcium, GTPases, kinases).

    • Main Results:

    • Extracellular cues indirectly regulate microtubule distribution and dynamics via signaling cascades.
    • Guidance cues directly modulate microtubule stability by coupling receptors to microtubules, controlling growth cone turning.
    • Microtubule-associated proteins and signaling components (Ca2+, small GTPases, GSK-3β, JNK) are essential for regulating microtubule dynamics and axon projection.

    Conclusions:

    • Microtubule dynamics in the growth cone are precisely controlled by extracellular signals.
    • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into axon guidance and neuronal development.
    • Targeting cytoskeletal regulation may offer therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.