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Phylum Ascomycota, a major division within the subkingdom Dikarya, comprises a diverse range of fungal species, including both unicellular yeasts and filamentous molds such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi thrive in a variety of habitats, from aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial environments, playing crucial ecological and economic roles.Morphology and ReproductionThe defining characteristic of Ascomycetes, commonly referred to as sac fungi, is the ascus—a sac-like structure that...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Isolation of Culturable Yeasts and Molds from Soils to Investigate Fungal Population Structure
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Multi-resistant aspergillosis due to cryptic species.

Susan Julie Howard1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK, susan.howard76@virginmedia.com.

Mycopathologia
|June 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cryptic fungal species are increasingly causing human aspergillosis. These species often show antifungal resistance, necessitating accurate identification and susceptibility testing for effective patient treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cryptic fungal species, morphologically identical but genetically distinct, are increasingly implicated in human aspergillosis.
  • Antifungal resistance is a significant concern associated with these cryptic species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review susceptibility trends and clinical outcomes of infections caused by specific cryptic *Aspergillus* and *Neosartorya* species.
  • To emphasize the clinical importance of accurate species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of case reports and data sets focusing on cryptic fungal species.
  • Analysis of antifungal susceptibility patterns and clinical presentations.

Main Results:

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

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  • Identified specific cryptic species (*Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus calidoustus, Aspergillus felis, Aspergillus lentulus, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus viridinutans*, and *Neosartorya pseudofischeri*) causing human infections.
  • Observed a higher prevalence of reduced antifungal susceptibility in these cryptic species.

    • Conclusions:

    • Accurate identification of cryptic fungal species is crucial for effective management of aspergillosis.
    • Antifungal susceptibility testing is essential to guide therapeutic decisions in cases of cryptic species infections.