Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture
Published on: November 25, 2025
S Antoniou1, O Koch, G Antoniou
1Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery Neuwerk Hospital, Mönchengladbach, Germany - stavros.antoniou@hotmail.com.
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Routine surgical drains after laparoscopic cholecystectomy increase postoperative pain and morbidity. This meta-analysis found no benefit in preventing bile leaks, suggesting drains are unnecessary for uncomplicated procedures.
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