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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

23
Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
23
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

17
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
17
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

3.6K
Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
3.6K
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

14
Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
14
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

20
Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
20
Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity01:24

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

8.1K
Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
Breathing Mechanisms
Both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures rely on specific lung properties. The ability to breathe—allowing air to enter the lungs...
8.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
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Intracranial pressure at altitude.

Mark H Wilson1, Alex Wright, Christopher H E Imray

  • 11 The Brain Injury Centre-St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College, London, United Kingdom .

High Altitude Medicine & Biology
|June 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

High altitude ascent can cause illness, but the exact cause of high altitude headache is unclear. Research suggests intracranial pressure may not be the sole factor, with vessel distension also playing a role.

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Altitude Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Rapid ascent to high altitude is linked to altitude sickness, including headache and edema.
  • The precise physiological mechanisms behind these altitude-related illnesses are not fully understood.
  • Intracranial pressure (ICP) often increases with acute hypoxia in humans and animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on the role of intracranial pressure in high altitude neurological symptoms.
  • To examine evidence supporting and refuting ICP as the primary cause of high altitude headache.
  • To explore alternative mechanisms, such as cerebral vessel distension, in the development of altitude headaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies measuring intracranial pressure (ICP) in response to acute hypoxia.

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  • Analysis of research correlating ICP changes with symptoms of acute mountain sickness and headache.
  • Examination of studies investigating cerebral blood flow and vessel dynamics at high altitude.

    • Main Results:

    • While ICP often rises with hypoxia, its direct correlation with altitude-related symptoms like headache remains debated.
    • Headache may manifest due to cerebral vessel distension before a significant increase in ICP is detected.
    • Evidence is mixed regarding ICP as the sole or primary driver of neurological symptoms at high altitude.

    Conclusions:

    • The pathophysiology of high altitude headache and related neurological sequelae is complex and multifactorial.
    • Increased intracranial pressure is a potential contributing factor but may not be the sole or initial cause of altitude headache.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms, potentially involving cerebral vasodilation and other factors.