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Expectation mismatch: differences between self-generated and cue-induced expectations.

R Gaschler1, S Schwager2, V J Umbach2

  • 1Universität Koblenz-Landau, Germany.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|June 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-generated expectations, unlike cue-induced ones, enhance performance and cognitive control more significantly. This review highlights their greater impact on behavior and neural activity.

Keywords:
Action controlAnticipationCue-induced expectationsSelf-generated expectations

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Expectations about upcoming events influence cognitive processing and performance.
  • Expectation mismatch can impair efficiency, while accurate expectations improve it.
  • Two main types of expectations are studied: self-generated (predictions) and cue-induced.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the effects of self-generated versus cue-induced expectations.
  • To review evidence on how these expectations impact behavior and neural activity.
  • To discuss methodological and theoretical implications of expectation types.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating expectation mismatch effects.
  • Comparison of research using self-generated expectations (predictions) versus cue-based expectations.
  • Analysis of expectation effects across various contents: stimuli, responses, task sets, and conflict levels.

Main Results:

  • Self-generated expectations yield larger facilitating and conflict effects on behavioral and neural levels compared to cue-based expectations.
  • Self-generated expectations offer greater experimental control in designing studies on expectation effects.
  • Qualitative differences exist in how cues versus self-generated expectations influence performance.

Conclusions:

  • Self-generated expectations involve focused attention and working memory representation of expected events.
  • Cue-induced expectations may lead to similar representations only under specific conditions (high cue validity, attention).
  • Understanding the source of expectations is crucial for interpreting cognitive and neural effects.