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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Portal Hypertension01:22

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Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Hypertensive choroidopathy in pre-eclampsia: two consecutive cases.

Evelien Dewilde, Marc Huygens, Geertrui Cools

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    Acute arterial hypertension can cause choroidopathy, leading to serous retinal detachments. This study highlights two cases in pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome, showing resolution with persistent pigmentary changes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Cardiovascular Medicine
    • Nephrology

    Background:

    • Hypertensive retinopathy is a common complication of elevated blood pressure.
    • Choroidopathy, specifically related to acute hypertensive crises, is less common but can cause significant visual disturbances.
    • Conditions like pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome involve severe hypertension and pose risks to ocular health.

    Observation:

    • Two patients presented with serous retinal detachments secondary to acute arterial hypertension.
    • Diagnostic imaging, including ultra-widefield fundus photography and optical coherence tomography, confirmed subretinal fluid.
    • Advanced angiography techniques (fluorescein and indocyanine green) visualized choroidal hypoperfusion.

    Findings:

    • The patients experienced serous retinal detachments linked to hypertensive emergencies.
    • Imaging revealed characteristic signs of choroidal ischemia and overlying retinal fluid accumulation.
    • Complete resolution of clinical signs and symptoms occurred within 1-3 months post-hypertension management.

    Implications:

    • This study underscores the importance of recognizing choroidal changes in hypertensive emergencies.
    • Prompt diagnosis and management of acute hypertension are crucial for preventing irreversible visual impairment.
    • Persistent macular pigmentary changes suggest potential long-term sequelae despite initial recovery.