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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

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Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone.
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal, such...
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Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles03:12

Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles

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Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
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Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Hydrogen production from ammonia using sodium amide.

William I F David1, Joshua W Makepeace, Samantha K Callear

  • 1ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel ammonia (NH3) cracking process using abundant sodium amide (NaNH2) and sodium metal (Na). This catalyst-free method achieves high NH3 decomposition efficiency, offering a sustainable energy storage solution.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) cracking is crucial for hydrogen production and energy storage.
  • Traditional methods rely on rare or transition metal catalysts, posing cost and availability challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new, catalyst-free process for ammonia cracking.
  • To explore the use of sodium amide (NaNH2) and sodium metal (Na) for efficient NH3 decomposition.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated ammonia decomposition using a variable-temperature flow reactor.
  • Employed a concurrent stoichiometric decomposition and regeneration cycle of NaNH2 via Na.
  • Compared performance against supported nickel and ruthenium catalysts.

Main Results:

  • The Na/NaNH2 system demonstrated superior performance compared to Ni and Ru catalysts.
  • Achieved 99.2% ammonia decomposition efficiency with 0.5 g NaNH2 at 530 °C and 60 sccm NH3 flow.
  • The reaction mechanism significantly differs from traditional surface catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium amide-based ammonia cracking offers a viable, catalyst-free alternative.
  • Abundant and inexpensive NaNH2 can promote NH3 utilization for sustainable energy storage.
  • This approach represents a significant departure in reaction mechanism for NH3 decomposition.